Kidney Stone Lab Report Sample

Kidney Stone Lab Report Paper Kidney stones are also referred to as renal calculi and are formed in the kidney as a result of buildup of minerals that are being excreted from the body as waste. This buildup can be caused by superannuation which is when there is too high of a concentration of salts and proteins and this makes the metals precipitate into solid form within the kidney. Kidney stones are not all the same chemically, as shown in figure 2, Calcium stones are probably the most common stone which can combine to make Calcium Oxalate (Acacia), Calcium Phosphate (Ca(PEP)2), Uric Acid (CHANNEL), Strive (Neighing). Figure 2. Frequency of Kidney Stones. Data from Kidney Stone Disease. The fact that there are differing chemicals that make up kidney stones presents the problem of solubility in which some may dissolve in acidic solutions or may not dissolve at all. The kidney stones persist in the body due to the fact that the previously mentioned compounds are insoluble in water. This requires unusual tactics to rid the patient of kidney stones such as lithography in which shock waves are used to break up kidney stones into much smaller pieces that can more easily be passed. Some home remedies are accredited with being able to dissolve the kidney stones in the kidney and being quite effective as well. In this experiment lemon juice is used in an attempt to dissolve a few of the most common kidney stones because of its high citric acid content. Perhaps the best treatment for kidney stones is prevention. In this case one would drink large amounts of water and be careful of too much salt and protein intake. The experiment conducted involved such scientific concepts such as SSP, percent yield, and percent error. We will write a custom essay sample on Kidney Stone Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kidney Stone Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kidney Stone Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer SSP is a scientific concept in which the solubility of a impound into water at 25 co is quantified into a number which can be calculated and analyzed. Percent yield is a procedure which indicates how fully a reaction took place by comparing the actual mass attained with the theoretical value that should be attained assuming a complete reaction with perfectly standard conditions. Percent error shows the difference in the final experimental value with an accepted theoretical value which shows how accurate the experiment was which can show if the experiment is credible or not. Methods Kidney stones needed to be synthesized in order to carry out the experiment. Figure 3. Kidney Stone Formations Calcium Oxalate: Cacao + Nuanced enact + Acacia Strive: Magic + NANNY + Naphtha Neighing +20- + NON- + Ana+ + H+ calcium Phosphate: unhappy + acacia enact + The reactions in Figure 3 were carried out in attempts of producing 5. 00 g samples of each of the three stones. To do so, it was required to find the limiting reactant in order to calculate the appropriate amount of each substance to use. Below can be seen the calculations of how to find the limiting reactant for the reaction yielding calcium Oxalate. Figure 4. Finding amounts of materials to use Calcium Oxalate (Acacia) Calcium Chloride (Cacao) Sodium Oxalate (Nuanced) As can be seen in Figure 4, the first step is to find how many moles of Acacia are in 5. 00 g of the substance, then the number of moles is multiplied by the molecular weights of each of the reactants because the reaction is 1:1:1 with respect to the included compounds. This shows how much of each reactants to get in order to get our optimal amount of substance without much waste. However, the percent yield of each substance was quite low, as can be seen in Figure 5 and the calculations that lead to finding percent yield are as follows for he reaction yielding Calcium Oxalate, keeping in mind that 5. 00 g is the desired dry mass. Example Calculation: Calcium Oxalate (Acacia): Figure 5. Percent Yield of Precipitates Once the stones were collected, thoroughly dried, and massed, 0. 00 g of the Calcium Oxalate was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask and dissolved in the home remedy: lemon juice. The stone readily dissolved into 10 ml of lemon juice to the point that no precipitate could be seen. 30 drops of ammonia buffer solution was added to raise the pH of the system to 10. At this point, 8 drops of indicator Ricochet black T) was added to the solution. .05 M EDIT solution was then added to a reroute above a waste beaker and the EDIT was run through the burette until there was no air bubble in the burette. Then the first reading was taken off of the burette before the titration started and then the EDIT solution was carefully added to the experimental solution in the Erlenmeyer flask below. This was done for a total of 3 trials, however, only for the Calcium Oxalate stone because of time constraints and material constraints. Figure 6 displays the data that was collected during this process. Figure 6. Data from Titrating Acacia solution Results With use of Figure 6, the amount of EDIT that must be added to 0. 0 g of Acacia can be averaged to 53. 2 ml of . 05 M EDIT (H2O-). Figure 7. Finding percent dissolved of Calcium Oxalate EDIT: Ca+ + H2O- Cay 2- + UH+ *Notice Ca+:H2O-= 1 : 1 (Complexities Ca Determination) Amount of Acacia dissolved: In Figure 7, it is determined that 335 % of the Calcium Oxalate kidney stone dissociated in the lemon juice by first finding how many moles of EDIT were used by multiplying the military of the EDIT by the average amount of DE TA seed to titrate the exp erimental solution. The equation for the reaction between a free calcium ion and an EDIT compound in pH of 10 is a reaction which allows to see how many calcium ions were stabilized and therefore dissociated from the Acacia. This number of moles can then be multiplied by the molecular mass of Acacia to find the initial weight of the ions that dissociated which comes to be . 335 g of Acacia. This mass is then divided by the amount that was in solution which was 0. 10 g, then multiplied by 100 to give a final percent of dissociation for the Acacia in lemon juice of 335 96. This means that the dined stones dissolved into 3. 35 times the amount of ions than it could possibly, suggesting quite large errors in the experiment/procedures occurred. Figure 8. Finding SSP for the dissociation of Calcium Oxalate Concentration of Ca+: SSP for the titration: [Ca+] [CHECK-] SSP= (0. 2377)2 = 0. 0565 *Theoretical SSP= 2. 3210-9 (Trot, Chemistry, A-12) Percent error: The calculations in Figure 8 show the steps needed to find the SSP for the dissociation of Acacia. The concentration of Ca+ ions within the solution and buffer solution (10 ml of solvent and 1 ml of buffer) was found by dividing the umber of moles found in Figure 7 by the amount of solution present. The SSP for this particular reaction can be found to be a 1:1 ration between the Ca+ ion and the CHECK- ion which allows for simple squaring of the concentration of the Ca+ ion to give the experimental SSP. However, when compared to the theoretical value of SSP for the dissociation of Acacia at 25 co, the experimental value obtained is shown to be largely incorrect with a percent error of 2. 35

Music in psychology essays

Music in psychology essays The D12 song Good Die Young has a lot of psychological behavior involved in it. The whole basis for the song is a tribute to people who die young, mainly Karnail Pitts aka Robert Beck aka Bugz. Bugz was a rapper in the group D12. D12 was a rap group founded by Proof. The first members of D12 were Proof, Eminem, and Kon Artist. They were later joined by a MC named Eye Kyu. Then Bizarre joined the group. Bugz was the sixth member. When Bugz was killed Eminem placed Swifty Mc Veigh in the group because it was Bugz wish. Bugz was born in May of 1978 and was loved and appreciated by all the D12 members for his rapping skills. His life ended tragically on May the 21st 1999, he was only 21 years old. Bugz was literally killed over a water gun. Bugz cousins friend was sprayed with a water gun and she took offense. She started an argument with the person and it escalated to a fist fight. Bugz intervened on the behalf of his cousin. Then a friend of the guy with the water gun went back to their expedition and retrieved a rifle. He fired three shots into Bugz while he was looking away, at close range, two in the chest and one in the neck. Next the two men jumped in the expedition and ran over Bugz. An ambulance was called, but the traffic was so bad on the bridge to Belle Isle that the ambulance could not get onto the island for about thirty minutes. When Bugz finally reached the hospital his injuries were so bad that he could not be saved. Each member of D12 gets their own verse to make a tribute to Bugz. Kon Artist begins rapping about all the things people have to do just to prove themselves and how people think that as long as they repent god will forgive them. Kon Artist writes about his little brother selling dope and how much he still has to prove but he wishes he didnt have to lose Bugz to the struggle. Bizarre begins by writing about how bad it is in Detroit and how he keeps his gun in ...

Rutherfordium Facts - Rf or Element 104 Facts

Rutherfordium Facts - Rf or Element 104 Facts The element rutherfordium is a synthetic radioactive element that is predicted to exhibit properties similar to those of hafnium and zirconium. No one really knows, since only minute quantities of this element have been produced to date. The element is likely a solid metal at room temperature. Here are additional Rf element facts: Element Name:Â  Rutherfordium Atomic Number: 104 Symbol: Rf Atomic Weight: [261] Discovery: A. Ghiorso, et al, L Berkeley Lab, USA 1969 - Dubna Lab, Russia 1964 Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 Element Classification: Transition Metal Word Origin:Â  Element 104 was named in honor of Ernest Rutherford, although discovery of the element was contested, so the official name was not approved by the IUPAC until 1997. The Russian research team had proposed the name kurchatovium for element 104. Appearance: Rutherfordium is predicted to be a radioactive synthetic metal, solid at room temperature and pressure. Crystal Structure: Rf is predicted to have a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure similar to that of its congener, hafnium. Isotopes: All of the isotopes of rutherfordium are radioactive and synthetic. The most stable isotope, Rf-267, has a half-life around 1.3 hours. Sources of Element 104: Element 104 has not been found in nature. It is only produced by nuclear bombardment or decay of heavier isotopes. In 1964, researchers at the Russians facility at Dubna bombarded a plutonium-242 target with neon-22 ions to produce the isotope most likely rutherfordium-259. In 1969, scientists at the University of California at Berkeley bombarded a californium-249 target with carbon-12 ions to produce alpha decay of rutherfordium-257. Toxicity: Rutherfordium is expected to be harmful to living organisms due to its radioactivity. It is not an essential nutrient for any known life. Uses: At present, element 104 has no practical uses and is only application to research. Rutherfordium Fast Facts Element Name: RutherfordiumElement Symbol: RfAtomic Number: 104Appearance: Solid metal (predicted)Group: Group 4 (Transition Metal)Period: Period 7Discovery:Â  Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1964, 1969) Sources Fricke, Burkhard. Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry, Structure and Bonding, Volume 21, Springer Link, December 3, 2007. Ghiorso, A.; Nurmia, M.; Harris, J.; Eskola, K.; Eskola, P. (1969). Positive Identification of Two Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Element 104. Physical Review Letters. 22 (24): 1317–1320. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.1317 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future elements. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer ScienceBusiness Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.

GYN URI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GYN URI - Essay Example Getting off the Depo might decrease patient risk for OP in the future. Nexplanon is hormones- releasing birth control implement does not need daily taken or monthly injection placed under skin for long-acting methods http://www.nexplanon-usa.com/en/consumer/about-it/what-is-nexplanon/index.asp Furthermore, clinicians should educate the patient about LARCs.  Paragards are great in terms of length of efficacy. According to Hatcher et all (2007) in  Contraceptive Technology, women who experience irregular/heavy bleeding are significantly more likely to discontinue use of the IUD (p. 139), stating that 1 month follow up after insertion and use of NSAIDS can help reduce bleeding and rates of discontinuation.   So let us throw in the ACA and women access to contraceptive choices. These federal changes will include MAJOR changes in previously unavailable methods of birth control for the under or uninsured. I am going to refer to the ACNMs most recent survey, and now being heavily disseminated to media outlets, on womens perceptions of contraceptive choices. This is IMPORTANT for you to know, most women are unaware of the most effective methods, and many were previously not insured to receive LARC. http://ourmomentoftruth.midwife.org/OMOT-Contraception-and-Family-Planning. To learn MORE about ACA implantation. Depo-Provera use is not recommended for more than 2 years due to its effect on bone mineral density (BMD) loss in women. â€Å"On average women who used Depo have a BMD similar to non- users within two to three years after stopping the shots† (Flinn, 2011). Flinn indicates that the recovery of bone mass density is relative to the length of time a women used the Depo injections. Women who used Depo longer than a year were noted to take as long as 7 years before returning to their original BMD levels. Patient is at risk for osteoporosis due to age, race, and ethnicity. The clinician should make

The Fencing Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Fencing Problem - Essay Example Let us consider the square of sides 'a.' The Perimeter of square = Summation of all sides = a + a + a + a = 4 * a The Perimeter is given as 1000m 1000 = 4 * a a = 250m = each side of the square Area of square: A = a2 A = 2502 A = 62500m2 Hence if the shape the of the plot is square then the area that can be covered with the fencing of 1000m is 62500m2 Rectangle: Let the two sides of the rectangle be 'a' and 'b' Case I: Let side b = 2 * a i.e. the sides are in the ratio of 2:1 The Perimeter of rectangle = sum of all sides = 2 * (a + b) Here b = 2a P = 2 * (a + 2a) 1000 = 2 * (3 * a) a = 166.6m and b = 2 * 166.6 = 333.2m Area of rectangle A = a * b A = 166.6 * 333.2 A = 55511m2 Hence if the shape the of the plot is rectangular with sides in the ratio of 2:1 then the area that can be covered with the fencing of 1000m is 55511m2. Case II : Let the sides be in the ratio of 3:2 i.e. b = 1.5 * a P = 2 * (a + b) 1000 = 2 * ( a + 1.5 * a) 1000 = 5 * a a = 200m b = 1.5 * a = 300m Area of rectangle A = a * b A = 200 * 300 A = 60000m2 Hence if the shape the of the plot is rectangular with sides in the ratio of 3:2 then the area that can be covered with the fencing of 1000m is 60000m2. Equilateral Triangle: The equilateral triangle has three sides of the equal lengths. Here the three sides of triangle (a) will have length as: Total length of fencing/ 3 a = 1000/3 a = 333.3m The area of equilateral triangle is given by: A = * Base * Height A = * a * H The height of equilateral triangle is given by: sin60 = H/ side of triangle (a) H = sin60 * 333.3 (Angle 60o is the internal angle of the equilateral triangle) H = 289m A = * 333.3 * 289 A = 48098m2 Hence if the shape the of the...In this essay we shall first study the circle considering the perimeter as the circumference and from that finding the radius of the circle which than gives the area of the circle which can be covered with 1000m of the fence. Then we shall consider the square shape, for which first we shall find the sides of the square and then the area of the square. Thereafter we shall consider rectangle; in this we shall consider the sides of ratios 2:1 and 3:2, with the procedure same as that of the square. Then further we shall consider the triangle; first equilateral triangle is considered. For this the sides and the height of the triangle are found out and from that we get the area of the triangle. Then we have considered other two triangles; isosceles triangle and right angled triangle with the similar calculations. Thereafter various polygons are considered. Beginning with the pentagon its sides and the height are found and from that the area of the pentagon is found out. Similar approach is followed for the hexagon and the octagon. In the essay detailed calculations are shown for the various areas. The shape, which gives the maximum area, is also found and then the recommendations accordingly have been made. The calculations carried out are simple mathematical calculations. Pentagon is a type of the polygon with five sides. The sum of total angles inside the polygon is 3600.

Hinduism :: essays research papers

Hinduism The underlying concern of the Upanishads is the nature of Brahman, the universal soul; and the fundamental doctrine expounded is the identity of atman, or the innermost soul of each individual, with Brahman. Formulations of this doctrinal truth are stressed throughout the Upanishadic writings  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Upanishads are the most important portion of the Vedas. The Upanishads contain the essence or the knowledge portion of the Vedas. The philosophy of the Upanishads is sublime, profound, lofty and soul-stirring. The Upanishads speak of the identity of the individual soul and the Supreme Soul. They reveal the most subtle and deep spiritual truths. The Upanishadic period prepared the ground for the development of rational ideas, scientific observation and advanced study in the fields of mathematics, logic and the physical sciences. It also cleared the way for a secular and more humane approach in the realm of social relations and government. Brahmin orthodoxy and ideas of ritual purity were challenged and confronted. The concept of god in Upanishadic thinking was quite different from the more common definition of god as creator and dispensor of reward and punishment. The Upanishadic concept of god was more abstract and subtle. It postulated the doctrine of a universal soul - that embraced all physical beings. All life emanated from this universal soul and death simply caused individual manifestations of the soul to merge or mingle back with the universal soul. The concept of a universal soul was illustrated through analogies from natural phenomenon. "As the bees make honey by collecting the juices of distant trees, and reduce the juice into one form. And as these juices have no discrimination, so that they might say, I am the juice of this tree or that, in the same manner, all these creatures, when they have become merged in the True, know not that they are merged in the True. . . ." The name of Krishna refers to the Supreme Personality of Godhead, whose spiritual form is eternal and full of knowledge and bliss. This is confirmed in the following verse of Mahabharata: "The word krs is the attractive feature of the Lord's existence, and na means spiritual pleasure.

Human Resource Is the Most Important Asset in an Organisation

HUMAN RESOURCE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASSET IN AN ORGANISATION Human resource is defined as the employees in the organisation, and in an article by Harting(2008), he mentioned that â€Å"Any organization will go only as far as the people who are driving it†. This statement explains that the employees are the determining factor of how far an organisation can go and as such, it is vital for any organisation to invest in its own people so that they can contribute more in return. In every organisation, the main workforce are its people and without them, the organisation would not be able to conduct daily business transactions let alone move it forward.After all, people get things done as they are always the final decision makers. People are also highly adaptable to change especially when put in a difficult situation that may require them to use their superior skills or knowledge to deal with the problem. Besides dealing with problems, people also can initiate and generate new ideas which can be of good use to the organisation such as cost savings ideas, better working environment suggestions or even ideas that can propel the organisation forward.Most people in this world have to work for a living and they will always be looking for organisations that pay better and provide better benefits for their employees. Being better paid when comparing with their peers, people tend to be more motivated to work harder for themselves and the organisation so that they can provide better for their family. Motivated employees tend to show better quality of work and they deal with difficult situations better than employees who drag their feet to work. Financial benefits may work for most people but not all employees can be bought.Some employees prefer to work in organisations which assures job security than having a highly paid job as being paid well may mean more competition in that position and thus leading to a more stressful working environment. In 2011, Google, the compa ny that changed the way Internet search engines work, was placed fourth in U. S Fortune ‘100 Best Companies to Work For’ List. Garglulo(2011) mentioned that â€Å"The payoff shows up in increased innovation and productivity, low turnover, low sickness rates, and high employee satisfaction. † This year, U.S Fortune named Google, the â€Å"Best Company To Work For†. Google pays a lot of attention on how they treat their employees as the organisation aims to make their employees life better and easier by providing them with on-site physicians and nurses in an event that they may fall ill and require medical attention. Even on vacation, Google employees are covered with travel insurance and emergency assistance any where in the world, and not only does Google take care of their employees, they also ensure their loved ones are also well taken care of.Google emphasized that they value their employees opinion as they always welcome feedback and they evaluate thei r employee benefits regularly to ensure that the benefits adapt to the needs of the changing population. (Google, 2012) From the way Google values their human resource, it is no surprise that within a year, it took the top position of being the best company to work for. From a research by the Great Place to Work Institute, it was stated that today’s employees really do want different things and it is not in their paychecks.From their research with more than ten million employees worldwide, they have gathered that what people want most is firstly, trust in leadership and each other, secondly, pride in their work, thirdly, enjoyment of the people they work with, and lastly, fairness and transparency; all things that companies like Google seem to do well. † (Garglulo, 2011). Even on the Google website, they have dedicated numerous pages stating their employee benefits and even videos of satisfied employees.It is uncommon for organisations to spend so much effort on their w ebsites emphasizing on their benefits in order to attract top and best people around the world to work for them. In conclusion, different organisations came up with different strategies to keep their employees happy and motivated and are willing to invest more into their Human resource as they know that without them, the company may not be able to operate efficiently as compared to having them. Human resource is the most important asset of any organisation as they are the driving force that keeps it going and bringing it to greater heights.